Capacitance: A measure of the amount of electric charge stored (or separated) for a given electric potential. The most common form of the charge storage device is a two-plate capacitor.
(also referred to as a condenser) A multi-purpose device that can store electrical charge in the form of an electric field. It is used, for example, for power factor correction in (inductive) AC circuits. Capacitors are used to buffer electricity (smooth out peaks) and to guard against momentary voltage losses in circuits (when changing batteries, for example).
The circulation of carbon through its various forms in the environment. Briefly, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is fixed (i.e., converted into solid matter) by the process of photosynthesis in plants and green algae. These then die and rot under the influence of bacteria and fungi or are consumed by higher organisms in the form of food or fuel (burning plant matter or fossil fuels). Either way, carbon is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and is available again for fixation (i.e., incorporation into biomass).
A cascade happens when a part of the power grid fails and shifts its power load to other elements in the grid. Overloaded, these elements also begin to shut down and shift their power load onto other elements, and so on. The resulting surge current can induce ongoing failures and take down an entire power system in a very short time, “cascading” through parts and systems like a ripple on a pond until the grid collapses
Cavitation: The process where vapor bubbles in a flowing liquid collapse inside a control valve as the pressure begin to increase.
An installation at which an electric vehicle can be plugged into the grid to charge its battery. There are several types of charging station, including low-voltage, lower current installations that charge a battery over a period of several hours (for use in homes, for example), and higher-voltage, higher current fast-charging stations for a more rapid service in public places (car parks, public buildings, etc.).
Devices that interrupt high currents to protect electrical equipment from damage caused by current surges, e.g., from a short circuit or a lightning strike.
Closed Loop: A control system that provides feedback to a controller on the state of the process variable.
A particularly efficient method of electricity generation that diverts heat, produced as a by-product of the power generation process, to domestic and industrial heating systems. The heat is produced by combustion of fuel in the power station to create the steam that drives the generating turbines. It would otherwise be released to the atmosphere.
Cold Junction: The end of the thermocouple that is kept at a constant temperature in order to provide a reference point.
In the oil and gas industry, the compression train is the entire line of equipment that contributes to the process of compressing gas: It includes valves, scrubbers, coolers, and recycling loops.
CSP is a technology that makes use of precisely oriented mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto receivers that convert the sun’s radiation into heat. The heat generated is used to produce steam, which runs a steam turbine, or powers a heat engine driving a generator. The thermal energy can also be stored in order to produce electricity at a later time.
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